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Palestinian fedayeen (from the Arabic ''fidā'ī'', plural ''fidā'iyūn'', فدائيون) are militants or guerrillas of a nationalist orientation from among the Palestinian people.〔〔 Most Palestinians consider the fedayeen to be "freedom fighters", while author Martin Gilbert said they were "terrorists". Considered symbols of the Palestinian national movement, the Palestinian fedayeen drew inspiration from guerrilla movements in Vietnam, China, Algeria and Latin America.〔 The ideology of the Palestinian fedayeen was mainly left-wing nationalist, socialist or communist, and their proclaimed purpose was to defeat Zionism, claim Palestine and establish it as "a secular, democratic, nonsectarian state". The meaning of a secular, democratic and non-sectarian, however greatly diverged among fedayeen factions.〔 Emerging from among the Palestinian refugees who fled or were expelled from their villages as a result of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War,〔Almog, 2003, p. 20.〕 in the mid-1950s the fedayeen began mounting cross-border operations into Israel from Syria, Egypt and Jordan. The earliest infiltrations were often to access the lands agricultural products they had lost as a result of the war, or to attack Israeli military, and sometimes civilian targets. The Gaza Strip, the sole territory of the All-Palestine Government—an independent Palestinian state declared in October 1948, became the focal point of the Palestinian fedayeen activity.〔Facts On File, Incorporated. ''(Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East )''.〕 Fedayeen attacks were directed on Gaza and Sinai borders with Israel, and as a result Israel undertook retaliatory actions, targeting the fedayeen that also often targeted the citizens of their host countries, which in turn provoked more attacks. Fedayeen actions were cited by Israel as one of the reasons for its launching of the Sinai Campaign of 1956, the 1967 War, and the 1978 and 1982 invasions of Lebanon. Palestinian fedayeen groups were united under the umbrella the Palestine Liberation Organization after the defeat of the Arab armies in the 1967 Six-Day War, though each group retained its own leader and independent armed forces.〔 ==Definitions of the term== The words "Palestinian" and "fedayeen" have had different meanings to different people at various points in history. According to the Sakhr Arabic-English dictionary, ''fida'i''—the singular form of the plural ''fedayeen''—means "one who risks his life voluntarily" or "one who sacrifices himself".〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=Sakhr )〕 In their book, ''The Arab-Israeli Conflict'', Tony Rea and John Wright have adopted this more literal translation, translating the term fedayeen as "self-sacrificers". In his essay, "The Palestinian Leadership and the American Media: Changing Images, Conflicting Results" (1995), R.S. Zaharna comments on the perceptions and use of the terms "Palestinian" and "fedayeen" in the 1970s, writing: "''Palestinian'' became synonymous with ''terrorists'', ''skyjackers'', ''commandos'', and ''guerrillas''. The term ''fedayeen'' was often used but rarely translated. This added to the mysteriousness of Palestinian groups. Fedayeen means "freedom fighter."〔 Mohammed al-Nawaway uses Zaharna translation of fedayeen as "freedom fighters" in his book ''The Israeli-Egyptian Peace Process in the Reporting of Western Journalists'' (2002).〕 Edmund Jan Osmańczyk's ''Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements'' (2002) defines fedayeen as "Palestinian resistance fighters", whereas Martin Gilbert's ''The Routledge Atlas of the Arab-Israeli Conflict'' (2005) defines fedayeen as "Palestinian terrorist groups". Robert McNamara refers to the fedayeen simply as "guerrillas", as do Zeev Schiff and Raphael Rothstein in their work ''Fedayeen: Guerrillas Against Israel'' (1972). Fedayeen can also be used to refer to militant or guerrilla groups that are not Palestinian. (See Fedayeen for more.) Beverly Milton-Edwards describes the Palestinian fedayeen as "modern revolutionaries fighting for national liberation, not religious salvation," distinguishing them from mujahaddin (i.e. "fighters of the jihad"). While the fallen soldiers of both mujahaddin and fedayeen are called shahid (i.e. "martyrs") by Palestinians, Milton nevertheless contends that it would be political and religious blasphemy to call the "leftist fighters" of the fedayeen.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Palestinian fedayeen」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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